Halve consultancy spending: note

Central fiscal result

-£0.4bn - Net fiscal impact in 2028-29

Low case: -£0.7bn. High case: +£0.2bn. Positive numbers are fiscal costs or borrowing pressure. Negative numbers are Exchequer savings or receipts.

Scenario and baseline

• Models halve consultancy spending by 2028-29.
• Baseline is current policy or published departmental plans.
• Central case uses published party or official anchors where available.
• Wider manifesto interactions are excluded unless stated.

Affected population

• Affected units are people, firms, households or providers depending on policy.
• Direct exposure follows the manifesto or government target group.
• Indirect exposure includes suppliers, workers, consumers and taxpayers.
• Weakest counts are widened in the low and high cases.

Gross impact

• Published anchor or scenario central is +£0.4bn in 2028-29.
• Gross costs or receipts are adjusted for behaviour and delivery risk.
• Tax, benefit or procurement offsets are separated in the fiscal build-up.
• The range is deliberately wider where implementation detail is thin.

Fiscal build-up, central case

• Gross spending reduction: -£0.5bn
• Delivery and transition costs: +£0.1bn
• Administration and appeals: +£0.1bn
• Indirect service-pressure effects: -£0.1bn

Central net impact: -£0.4bn in 2028-29.

Behaviour and pass-through

• Low case assumes stronger delivery or receipts than central.
• Central case applies moderate behavioural leakage and pass-through.
• High case allows weaker delivery, larger take-up or higher costs.
• Output effects follow incidence, capacity and investment channels.
• Distributional gains do not automatically imply GDP gains.

Phasing

• 2026-27: +£0.0bn. Phased implementation and take-up.
• 2027-28: -£0.2bn. Phased implementation and take-up.
• 2028-29: -£0.4bn. Phased implementation and take-up.
• 2029-30: -£0.4bn. Phased implementation and take-up.

Main source groups

• Banerjee and Duflo, "Do Firms Want to Borrow More?" (Review of Economic Studies, 2014): Some firms are credit constrained, so public finance can support investment when well targeted; relevant to development banks and business finance.
• Liberal Democrats, "Funding a Fair Deal: Liberal Democrat Manifesto Costings" (2024): Party costings give 2028-29 spending, revenue and investment figures; used as starting anchors, not official costings.
• Mirrlees and review team, "Tax by Design" (Institute for Fiscal Studies, 2011): Efficient tax systems should avoid narrow bases and poorly targeted reliefs that distort decisions; useful benchmark for judging tax-base changes and exemptions.
• Liberal Democrats, "For a Fair Deal: Liberal Democrat Manifesto 2024" (2024): The manifesto gives announced policy detail across health, care, housing, taxes and climate; used to define the policy scenarios.